Enzyme activity Essay

Purpose: The purpose of this lab is to test for enzyme activity, look at enzyme specificity, and how temperature affects enzyme activity. Time need to perform this lab: approximately 3 hours Preparation FIRST: Read the lab in its entirety TWICE before you begin. You will perform the experiment, write your lab report and include the answers to the additional 4 questions within the text for full credit on this experiment. Materials: †¢3% hydrogen peroxide †¢a household blender †¢potatoes (3 medium size potatoes, that are peeled and quartered) †¢tap water †¢8 test tubes †¢8 transfer pipets †¢sugar packets †¢salt †¢a small saucepan †¢a refrigerator with a freezer †¢stove †¢4 clear plastic cups †¢tongs (to remove test tubes from boiling water) †¢4 coffee cups †¢cheesecloth to filter the potato extract †¢a wax pencil or Sharpie marker †¢a ruler †¢scale or balance †¢250 ml graduated cylinder †¢oven mitt or tongs Preparation Step 1: Research (online) the reaction between catalase and  hydrogen peroxide and be familiar with the reactants, products, and enzyme. You will include the overall reaction in your lab report for this experiment. We will measure enzyme activity by measuring the height of the bubbles produced. Questions 1.Given your research, why are we measuring the height of the bubbles produced to indicate how much enzyme activity has occurred? 2.What product are we specifically observing being produced? Preparation Step 2: 1.Prepare the potato extract (catalase) using the following technique: †¢peel 3 medium size potatoes and cut them into quarters †¢add the potatoes to the blender with 250 mls of tap water to cover the potatoes and blend on high until the potatoes are pureed (blended to a thick liquid or paste) †¢place a cheesecloth over a container and use the cheesecloth to obtain the liquid portion (only) of your potato puree. You can squeeze the cheesecloth in the end to obtain the final portions of the liquid from the puree. 1.Make a 1% sucrose solution using the method describe in your osmosis lab. 2.Make a 1% salt solution by measuring 1 gram of salt using your scale or balance, add this to your graduated cylinder and then fill to the 100ml mark. You can then transfer this mixture to a small saucepan, heat and stir until the mixture is dissolved. ——————————————————————————– Procedure Experiment 1: Testing for Enzymatic Activity For this experiment, you will need: †¢4 test tubes †¢ruler †¢water †¢1% sucrose (sugar) solution †¢1% salt solution †¢3% hydrogen peroxide †¢catalase (the liquid portion of your potato extract) †¢4 clear plastic cups †¢wax pencil †¢transfer pipets Step 1: Add 3mls of the following solutions to a labeled test tube using a fresh transfer pipet with each new solution: †¢test tube 1: tap water †¢test tube 2: 1% sucrose solution †¢test tube 3: 1% salt solution †¢test tube 4: 3% hydrogen peroxide Questions 1.Why is it important to use a fresh transfer pipet for each new solution? Step 2: Add 2 mls of the catalase solution (liquid portion of the potato extract) to each test tube and place into a plastic cup to keep it upright. Pick up each test tube, tap the bottom/ swirl the contents and then using your ruler record in Table 1 the bubble height (if any) that is produced. Remember to include this table (with a strong title) in your lab report. ——————————————————————————– Experiment 2- Testing the Effect of Temperature on Enzyme Activity For this experiment, you will need: †¢4 test tubes †¢ruler †¢3% hydrogen peroxide †¢catalase (the liquid portion of your potato extract) †¢4 coffee cups †¢wax pencil †¢transfer pipets †¢refrigerator w/ freezer †¢stove †¢saucepan †¢tap water †¢oven mitt or tongs Step 1: Label the test tubes 1, 2, 3 and 4, where test tube 1 represents the sample placed on the counter at room temperature, test tube 2 represents the tube placed in the refrigerator, test tube 3 represents the tube placed in the freezer, and test tube 4 represents the sample exposed to boiling water. You will expose catalase to each of these four conditions. Questions 4.Before you begin, predict under which treatment you expect to see the most enzyme activity and explain why you think that will happen. Step 2: Place a saucepan with tap water on a burner and bring to a boil. Step 3: Use the thermometer to identify and record the temperature for room temperature, in your refrigerator, in your freezer, and then research the temperature of boiling water (do not take this temperature) and record them in Table 2. Step 4: Place the test tubes into separate coffee cups to maintain the upward position. Add 2 mls of the catalase solution to each of the test tubes and then place tubes1, 2, and 3 in the conditions described above. For test tube 4, fill the coffee mug half full of boiling water and then place test tube 4 in this container. Do not place the test tube into the pan of boiling water. Step 5: Allow the tubes to sit for 5 minutes, then remove the tubes from the conditions mentioned above (note: be careful to use an oven mitt or tongs to remove the test tube exposed to boiling water from the coffee cup). Step 6: Then add 3 mls of 3% hydrogen peroxide, swirl all tubes, and measure the bubbles produced by measuring bubble height (if any are produced). Record this data in Table 2. Results Please include your results in two tables that are clearly labeled and have columns for the contents of each test tube, the treatment if applicable (experiment 2) and the height of the bubbles produced (if any). Conclusions For this portion, include the results obtained and an interpretation of the results. Also state whether the results were expected or not and, if the results are unexpected, include possible reasons for this and what your next step should be. Remember to also include your answers to the 4 Questions embedded in the experiment above for full credit. Submission: Create your lab report using word-processing software, such as Microsoft Word and save it to your computer as a .doc, .docx, or .rtf file. To submit the report, choose the link titled, Lab 6: Enzymes, above. Use the â€Å"Browse My Computer† button in the Attach File area to attach your document. Be sure to complete your submission by choosing the â€Å"Submit† button at the bottom of the screen.

Judaism and Christianity Essay

What beliefs and practices does Islam share with Judaism and Christianity? Specify what is distinctive about the Islamic form of those beliefs and practices. The relationships between Islam, Judaism and Christianity in the later parts of the 20th century appear to have improved as well as worsened from different perspectives as compared to any other period in history. A noteworthy aspect of the current relationships is that Muslims are now engaged in dialogues with Christians and Jews. Islam is now the fastest growing religion in the world and Muslim leaders and clerics can be observed functioning together with ministers, priests and rabbis in several religious endeavors. However, the three religions continue to have major differences and are engaged in nationalist and territorial conflicts that have gradually been characterized with religious or sectarian differences. This paper makes an analysis of the beliefs and practices that Islam shares with Christianity and Judaism because the misunderstandings between the three religions can be resolved only in recognizing that they have the same roots and share several social and religious pract ices. Islam is a monotheistic religion and is the second biggest in the world after Christianity. The religion has its origin in the Middle East and has several customs and beliefs that are the same as Christianity and Judaism. These three religions are commonly referred to as the Abrahamic religions; they believe in one God and trace their lineage from the Prophet Ibrahim, as evident in the Hebrew. Islam, Christianity and Judaism believe there is only one God who is the creator of all things that exist in the world and He is the one who takes care of every living being. The three religions provide that God believes in justice and He has established fundamental rules in guiding people about how they can become virtuous and honorable in complying with His intentions. The three religions hold that God believes in mercy and that with His grace people get the power to become more like what is desired of them to become (Wells, 2011). Islam, along with Christianity and Judaism, holds that all human beings are Ibrahim’s children and are the most capable living beings on Earth. Human beings were created with an element of mystery in being given immense potential to grow constantly, individually as well as a species. When people strive towards achieving good, righteous and loving qualities they transform into what God desired them to become. If such freedom is misused and others are harmed with one’s actions, it implies that such people are transgressing God’s will, which makes them evil. The three religions believe that it is possible for every individual to seek God’s help in achieving the capability to ward off evil influences. Eventually, the message in all three religions is to be devoted and obedient to God (Los Angeles Chinese Learning Center, 2012). In being monotheistic, the three religions are different from Buddhism and Hinduism. They share common beliefs about history being the arena of God’s activities and His encounters with human beings, Satan, angels, heavenly revelation and prophets. All three religions focus on t he importance of Judgment Day, accountability, responsibility and perpetual rewards and punishments. The three religions give immense importance to peace, which is evident from historical patterns of greeting one another, implying Peace Be Upon You, beginning with Assalamalaikim in Islam, with pax vobisum in Christianity and salom aleicham in Judaism. However, such greetings of peace have primarily pertained to greeting one another in a given community or society. All three religions believe that it is essential to engage in holy wars to espouse the cause of empires and to protect societies. The relationships between religion and politics is apparent in the present times also although in different ways, such as the circumstances that prevail in present day Israel, Palestine, Middle East and other parts of the world. All the three religions share the same ancestry and believe in scriptures that were delivered through heaven. They have similar religious practices and rites relative to charity and regular prayers, value of pilgrimage and common holy places. The three religions give the promise that appropriate behaviors will be rewarded and inappropriate behaviors will be punished in life as well as in the afterlife. They balance and integrate many elements of piety, devotion, legalism and mysticism and appear to be suitable in co-existing mutually in reinforcing one another (Peters, 1990). Islam has similarity with Judaism in regard to the focus on practice instead of beliefs. The main basis of religious obedience in Islam and Judaism is religious law, while in Christianity the focus is on theology. Across history, the main differences between Islam and Judaism have pertained to disagreement of religious practices and religious law. The disputes between Islam and Christianity have pertained primarily to the divide amongst communities about theological belief systems, relative to the relationships between divine and human characteristics. Christianity and Judaism are given special consideration in Islam in view of the Islamic beliefs that God had conveyed His will through His Prophets, namely Ibrahim, Moses and Jesus. In this regard, the Quran specifically states that God revealed his will throug h Ibrahim, Ismail and their progeny, as well as through Moses and Jesus. There is no difference amongst them and in what they say, which is why Muslims adhere to what was said by these Prophets (Newby, 1996). Islam and the Quran hold that Christians and Jews are Ibrahim’s children and relate to them as people of the book (Esposito, 2011). This is because the three religions originate from the same lineage of Ibrahim. Muslims trace their lineage from Ibrahim and his servant Hagar, while Christians and Jews trace their lineage from Ibrahim and his spouse Sarah. Muslims hold that God’s revelation in the form of the Torah was first delivered to the Jews by Prophet Moses and later to Christians by the Prophet Jesus. Muslims are in agreement about some biblical prophets such as Jesus and Moses and use their names as Isa and Musa respectively (Hipps et al, 2003). They also use the Virgin Mary’s name as Mariam and it is evident that her name appears more frequently in the Quran than in the New Testament. Muslims do not refute the status of Virgin Mary and Jesus’ virgin birth but they hold that in due course, over the centuries, the original revelation as made to Jesus and Moses became despoiled. Muslims view the Old Testament as a mix of human manufacture and of God’s messages. They hold the same views about the New Testament and believe that doctrines referring to Jesus as the Son of God are erroneous without any truth. They do not believe that the death of Jesus represented the redemption and atonement for mankind’s sins. It is apparent that Islam, Christianity and Judaism have some common roots and share several common practices. This is because they are all having the same Abrahamic heritage. Islam, Christianity and Judaism are monotheistic religions as they believe in a single God in focusing on the unity and oneness of God. The confirmation of one God in Christianity has been often debated because of its adherence to the Holy Trinity but this cannot be considered as a refutation of monotheism. It is only an acknowledgement of the ways in which God is viewed because in Christianity the Divine Being is God. Islam, Christianity and Judaism hold that God is the source and foundation of all that exists in the world and takes care of all His creations in ensuring their wellbeing. All the three religions confirm that people are governed and guided by basic rules that make them take the right path and become righteous in complying with God’s will. References 1. Esposito, John L. (2011). What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam, Oxford University Press. 2. Hipps, Amelia., Kayanaugh, Dorothy., and Khaled Abou El Fadl. (2003). Islam, Christianity, Judaism, Mason Crest Publishers. |Los Angeles Chinese Learning Center. (2012). Judaism, Christianity and Islam: Similarities, | |http://chinese-school.netfirms.com/Judaism-Christianity-Islam.html, Accessed on 16 October, 2012. | |Newby, Gordon. (1996). Muslim, Jews and Christians – Relations and Interactions,The Muslim Almanac, Gale Research Inc, Detroit, p.423-429. | |Peters, F. E. (1990). Judaism, Christianity, and Islam,Volume 1: From Covenant to Community, Princeton University Press | |Wells, Mark. (2011). Comparison of Islam, Judaism and Christianity, http://smileyandwest.ning.com, Accessed on 16 October, 2012 | | |

Procedures of Search and Seizure in the French Criminal Justice System - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1488 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Did you like this example? Institute of Law Procedures of Search and Seizure in French Criminal Justice system: A Comparative Analysis Comparative Criminal Procedure Procedures of Search and Seizure in Franch Criminal Justice system a Comparative Analysis Abstract Code de Procedure penale is one part of Franch Criminal Justice Administration framework. In the French system it is portrayed this as a mixture of the inquisitorial as well as adversarial models. The Sub Section 1 contains the procedural aspect of inspection of premise, inquiry, search and seizure. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Procedures of Search and Seizure in the French Criminal Justice System" essay for you Create order To the degree that expert judges (either the prosecutor (procureur) or the examining judge (juge dinstruction)) will practice some level of oversight/control over the activities of the police, take an interest in the examination, and take the choice to indict, then the system can be depicted as falling soundly inside the inquisitorial convention. Likewise, the fact that the case spins around a composed case dossier which is developed in the pre-trial stage and is utilized by the trial and appellate courts is consistant with the inquisitorial model. Then again, the practice in some cases strays from the model. For instance, there are numerous situations where, to a great extent for resourcing reasons, the police exercise critical self-sufficiency in the examination and readiness of a case for trial. In a comparative vein, the level of legal control over the investigative stage is variable because of the police not continually advising the procurers office of all offenses or neglecting to inform in an opportune manner. Procedure of search and seizure are very well defined in detail by the Code de procedure penale. In the process of prelimnary enquiry, search and seizure may be done by the officiers de police judiciaire (OPJ), on the condition that the individual whose house is sought assents. During a prelimnary judicial examination, inquiry and seizure are completed by the juge dinstruction, or the OPJ following up on his orders. A few statutes discredits from these standards by crediting power to search to certain other public authorities. For instance, custom officers can open safety deposit boxes or inquiry somebodys home. In like manner, fraud and competition officers can perform search and seizure for gathering the evidences of fraud. Introduction Search and seizure are regulated in great detail by the Code de procedure penale. In the course of preliminary enquiry, search and seizure may be carried out by the officiers de police judiciaire (OPJ), o n the condition that the person whose house is searched consents.[1] During a preliminary judicial investigation, search and seizure are carried out by the juge dà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢instruction, or the OPJ acting on his orders. Some statutes derogates from these principles by attributing search powers to certain other public officials. For example, custom officers can open safety deposit boxes or search someoneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s home. Likewise, fraud and competition officers can perform searched for evidence of fraud. Despite the fact that there is no limitation on the spots in which Search and seizures may be directed, they may not begin before 6 am or after 9 pm. On the other hand, a couple of exemptions must be noted. Case in point the OPJ can conduct search operations during the evening in places like brothels or in places where drugs are misused or manufactured.[2] In any act of search and seizure a witness is required to testify the legality of the whole operation[3], and the person who is subjected to be searched should be present there[4], this provision finds its mention in the law. if the property being searched belong to a person under duty of professional secrecy, for example an advocate or a medical doctor, the officer conducting the search must previously inform the president of local Bar or the president of the medical association of the department, who is entitled to attend. The correspondence between the lawyers being searched and the accused can never be seized. Any object removed must have been seized in the interest of discovering the truth. Also, as soon as custody of these items is no longer necessary for the investigation, restitution can be effected by the judge either on his own initiative or following the request of the owner.[5] Examination of Body and Mind In general these examinations are carries out by an expert even if expert reports can also concern objects, such as a document, a machine or any other object. It is the judge, in effect the juge dà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢instruction, who nominates the experts. In principles, he names one, except that he may nominate two or more if circumstances justify it. There are two particular situations where different rules apply: where fraud is being investigated, the accused nominates one expert, the judge nominating the other (the system of contradictory expert reports); in cases of urgency, where observations or examination cannot be delayed, the OPJ can appoint any qualified person as an expert. The expert has fairly important powers at his disposal. He may hear anyone apart from the accused. He can even hear from the letter, but with certain differences. The expert can hear him if it is a matter of a psychiatric reports. In all other cases, the expert must ask the authorization of the judge before hearing the accused. The general principle in French law indeed is that suspect can only be questioned by a judge, and not by an OPJ or an expert. In any c ase, the expert has to liaise with the judge. Once he has finished the expertise, the expert submits his report to the judge who must notify the various parties of its conclusions.[6] Interference with the right to privacy Two questions, which do not create the same degree of difficulty, arise: the seizure of letters and telephone tapping. Letters The seizure of letters was contested over a lengthy period because of the scope of the right to privacy. Finally, it was admitted by case-law in 1959, and the Code de procedure penale confirmed the solution by recognizing that the practice of seizure could apply to papers, documents or other objects and to objects and documents useful in the discovery of the truth. In practice, the juge dà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢instruction who wishes to seize someoneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s post sends a requisition to the postal service. We must, however remember that correspondence addressed to, or sent by, lawyer or escapes all seizure.[7] Telephone The question of telephone tapping is more delicate in the absence of express regulation of the matter in French law. Yet, such tapping occurs daily in France on the basis of art. 81 al. 1 CCP on the authority of which, juge dà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢instruction à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“carries out, in accordance with the law, any investigation which he considers necessary to discover the truth. The decision which allowed telephone tapping in principle dates back to 1980. It was a very clear decision which imposed two conditions at the most: an absence of fraud and no violation of the rights of the accused. Other decision followed, but question revived. Firstly the Cour de Cassation held that telephone tapping by OPJ was forbidden, Only the juge dà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢instruction being able to order it. Thereafter, the European Court in Strasbourg condemned France, not for its absence of legislation, since according to European court, case law is a source of positive law, and France has plenty of it , but because the decision of the Cour de Cassation do not deal with every aspect of telephone tapping, such as, for example, the question as to what has to be done with the tapes after the trial, etc.[8] CONCLUSION The good blend of inquisitorial and adversarial system found in the Franch Criminal Justice Administration System. Provision regarding search and seizure are strictly scrutinized on the base of right to privacy. Though right to privacy is not absolute in nature yet it is regarded with utmost respect as other fundamental rights of the citizens. When we compare it with the Indian scenario of regulations related to search and seizure, we find no regulations regarding the search of premise though some guidelines are there regarding the personal body search. Women cannot be searched by male policemen and cannot be arrested between sunset and next sun rise. Absence of specific regulations regarding the Right to privacy in fact jeopardizes the right to privacy enshrined i n umbrella fundamental rights of the citizen of India. Regarding restitution of the seized articles there is in practicality there are no provisions which makes it impossible to get the things back after their requirement is finished. In concluding remarks we can say that as Indian legal system is actually a stock pile of different regulation from various countries so here it is requirement in the present that some good developments in the other legal systems should be adopted in our system also. 1 [1] Prof. Jean Pradel, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Criminal Procedure Systems in the European Communityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , Chapter 4 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" France page no.120. [2] ibid [3] Article 96 of Code de procedure penale [4] Ibid. Article 76 [5] id. Article 99 [6] Prof. Jean Pradel, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Criminal Procedure Systems in the European Communityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , Chapter 4 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" France page no.121 [7] Ibid. [8] Id. 122

Media s Influence On Politics - 932 Words

Media and politics are different entities with distinct aim; however, both depend on each other. Politics use media to be known by the public and to advertise their campaigns while media needs politics to inform the public by giving visibility to politics. Media and politics work together and even though they are different, both impact each other . Since politics need media to provide good image and information about them. Media also can use its authority to exploit information on politics; in contrast, politics uses their power to settle barriers on information provided by media. Thus, the role of media can result in bad and good influence in politics. Media has provided no reliable information about politics to citizens. Sometimes media distort information to get people’s attention or even to get more buyers, but the problems are that it affects the relationship between politics and citizens. For example, one of the reasons for lower turnout comes from negative advertisement presented by media. During the 60’s to up now people stop caring about voting, it happens because conventional wisdom says that â€Å"negative ads wins voters .† Another example is if candidate A says that marijuana should be allowed in any state of U.S, the media can distort the information by saying candidate A is a drug dealer. However, what media does do not affect themselves instead help them to gets politics and people’s attention. Moreover, media makes politicians fight against each other byShow MoreRelatedThe Media s Influence On Politics1134 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican Government The media’s influence on politics I decided to do research on the impact that the media has politics due to the factors that can influence society, as well as the individuals. Do you believe that social media plays a major role in politics and at times can be unfair by only showing one perspective? I personally believe that the social media, greatly effects politics and can be shown to be very one-sided on many occasions. Social media has been around long before itRead MoreMedia s Influence On Politics1422 Words   |  6 PagesThe media has perpetually influenced politics, for example, during the 2016 election, 91 percent of Americans learned information about the election from eleven various media sources. As it is evident that the media increases knowledge about multiple candidates and political parties throughout the country, within those sources, individualistic opinions and biases cloud the accurate information of what occurs. Although the press may be expanding awareness about the government and policy issues, itRead MoreThe Media s Influence On Politics Essay2357 Words   |  10 Pages â€Å"Social media s influence in this presidential election is stronger than it has ever been† (Lang par.4). It is undeniable that this 2016 election has been greatly impacted by the media. Whether it be social media or the more traditional forms of media, the impact is colossal. Many would say that this is great, because politics are evolving and appealing to younger and younger people. A tremendous amount of people believe that the surprising and quite impressive success of Donald Trump and hisRead MoreMedia s Influence On Politics1742 Words   |  7 Pages In the Public Eye: Politics and the Media Much of American life is guided by the influx of information received from the media. This results in the ability of the media to shape or mold the opinions of American society. Media is used in numerous areas concerning politics. â€Å"Without the media’s investigations, citizens would be forced to rely entirely on the information provided by politicians and the government, and would be deprived of an indispensable opportunity to evaluate issues carefully andRead MoreThe Political Economy Of The Media978 Words   |  4 PagesThis unit â€Å"The Political Economy of the Media† we try to understand what the correlation is between the political economy and its influence on the media and when did the economy start to effect the media. We will discuss within three different issues based on the readings issued; Newspaper, the discipline of journalism and the politics of the film industry. Each reading makes valid points and gives great real life examples of how politics a nd the media are in a symbiotic relationship. In BennettRead MoreSocial Media And Politics During The 1930 S Essay986 Words   |  4 PagesSocial Media and politics Prior to the 1930’s there was no state of union to the public. It wasn’t until the radio that politics and people came as one. Politics started using social media in the 1930’s with Franklin D. Roosevelt. With the use of the radio th president became the center of attention in the media. He used the media for everything. If was federal or foreign affairs because it was easy to rely on the one president oppose to congress. Also, president have a term â€Å"going public† forRead MoreThe Media: A Powerful Voice1088 Words   |  4 PagesThe Media is a powerful voice listened to by millions of Americans, as well as billions of people across the globe. For decades, the media has been an influential instrument in the political realm. In today’s politics, the media is a necessary part of the campaign process and is undoubtedly a powerful tool for candidates in getting their message to the public and the engine by which public opinion is formed. But just how powerful is the media? Dictionary.com defines the media as, â€Å"The means ofRead MoreEssay on Mass Medias Political Power967 Words   |  4 Pagesissues regarding media influence in politics 1. Does presentation and coverage affect voting behaviour and choices? 2. Do media have an impact on political struggle and decide nature of debates? Definitions of mass media Mass media are channels of communication through which messages flow, produced by a few for consumption by many people. As the messages go through the channels, they are distorted. When people receive mass-media messages, theyRead MoreThe Political Of Political Socialization863 Words   |  4 Pagespolitical socialization is vital in the developing of how one views politics, the way they act or choose not to act, and how they identify within the political system. Although countless influences sway or attract us to a given political view, party, or identification, there are undoubtedly certain factors that play a bigger role in this process. Some of the most prominent agents of political socialization are as follows; family, media, peers, education, religion, faith, race, gender, age, geographyRead MoreThe Media s Impact On Public Opinion936 Words   |  4 PagesThe media has always had a powerful impact on public opinion in Britain. With several different types and means of communication, such as TV, newspapers, social networking and radio, it is difficult for the public to not be even slightly impacted by the opinion of thousands that surrounds them every day. However, with newspapers spinning stories to promote the party they favour (such as the Daily Mail in favour of Conservatives or the Mirror in favour of Labour ) or to disparage the opposition, is

Police And Crime Commissioners ( Pcc ) Have On Police...

The focal point of this literature is the influence the Police and Crime Commissioners (PCC) have on police accountability and governance. The managerialism of policing in England and Wales is examined through the introduction of the PCC, and their responsibilities and powers for developing future strategies are assessed. The potential influence of the PCC on the role of the chief constable and their relationship is considered. This article will also reflect on the opportunities and challenges provided by the PCC and particularly the prospects of enhanced public accountability of policing as a result. Police and Crime commissioners are selected to make sure local police are meeting the needs of the community. Their overriding principles†¦show more content†¦The government became concerned about how effective police governance strategies were and started a process of consultation of police reform (Home Office, 2003). Following the deliberation under of 1962 Royal Commission on the police, accountability was distributed between the Home Office, local police authority, and chief constable. The 1996 Police Act, Police Reform Act 2002 and the Police and Magistrates’ Courts Act 1994 imposed the tripartite systems’ groundwork, however it was not always uncontentious (Mawby and Wright, 2005 pp. 4). Some argue that policing has become over centralised and distorted due to under governance, heavy with bureaucracy which prevents police from policing efficiently. The PCC want to implement greater local discretion and independence from central departments. From the elect ion of the PCCs, more influential powers will radiate from the public, they expect that electoral success will be reflected in the local police activity; resulting in pressure being placed on the police from the PCC to implement the programmes and priorities that brought the PCC to election success (Loveday, 2013 pp. 23). Also, the media and local pressure groups may exert pressure on them to keep election promises. An advantageShow MoreRelatedPolice Effectiveness And Police Performance1302 Words   |  6 PagesBritish Police are held to account, and will touch upon the paradox of police governance, the balance of unwanted coercion of police, financial stewardship and police legitimacy. This essay will also divulge into a discussion on the topic; is policing political? There will be an argument for and against, and the advantages and disadvantages to both sides will be conversed to achieve an accurate conclusion. In addition this essay will start by portraying the significance of Police Accountability. PoliceRead MorePolicing the Police: An Argument for Democratic Say in How People Are Policed Quenton King May600 Words   |  3 Pages Policing the Police: An Argument for Democratic Say in How People Are Policed Quenton King May 5, 2014 Dr. Wozniak SOCA 319  The role of police in their communities and society as a whole, is an interesting and unique position. They are citizens that are responsible for policing fellow, equal citizens and are the extensive arm of the government. Police are required to enforce laws set by the state, regardless of the effectiveness or rationality of the laws and any negative

D. W. Griffiths Birth of a Nation Analysis free essay sample

D. W. Griffith was raised on a Kentucky farm in Crestwood, with his father, his mother, and sister. His father was a colonel in the Confederate Army, and served Kentucky as a state legislator. His family raised him Methodist, and his sister did his schooling in a one-room schoolhouse. At the age of 10, his father died and his mother left the farm to move to Louisville, Kentucky. They struggled with poverty after that, and he eventually got into acting and filmmaking. He started off as an actor when his first screenplay was rejected. However, he started working with a production company called Biograph, and soon became the main director. However, his intentions and budget did not match up with Biographs ideas and motives, so he left with his clan of actors and formed a studio by the name of Reliance- Majestic Studios under the Mutual Film Corporation. When he made The Clansman, it became the first blockbuster. It was untraditionally long in airtime, and had great box office sales. However, there was controversy over the themes and romanticism of the Ku Klux Klan, and race relations during the Civil War and Reconstruction. From a technical side, this movie was successful, and many film historians conclude it was one of the irst feature length films. In Birth of a Nation, it reinforces the notion that slavery was a social and gentle experience for the slaves in many instances throughout the film. When there was a scene with the slaves, they were depicted dancing, singing, and being Jubilant. Even when Silas Lynch, the mulatto governor of the North, tells slaves to stop working, they put up a fght and do not want to stop. Then, there are many more cutbacks to slaves dancing around outside, and having a good time throughout parts of the film. This depiction enforces the Dunning School of History very closely for many reasons. It seems as though Griffith represented a lot of the ideals present in the school of thought in this movie. He showed that the South was suffering under the Union army, and did not present a real cause to the war. Basically, the South was already suffering with the start of the film, and was painted to feel sorry for. The Cameron family got poorer at the start of the war, while the Stoneman family in the North remained wealthy. In the movie, it depicts the Union army, with freed slaves, as a disaster, with irrationally hateful attitudes towards the South. The abolitionists, arpetbaggers, and Radical Republicans are the antagonists in the film, and Justify the forming of the vigilante group, the Ku Klux Klan. He depicted the Ku Klux Klan restoring order to the Post-war South in reaction to the misrule of their country. The freed slaves and Union army soldiers are portrayed as unnecessarily violent and sex crazed. This represents the Dunnings school notion that the former slaves will never be fully assimilated into the society because of their true nature that disrupts the natural order of their society. Moving on, the five character types Donald Bogle talks about are maintained in his film. First, Id like to mention the Cameron family maid named Mammy. An obvious portrayal of the mammy included darker skin, which is supposed to de sex the character, as well as a round body shape that is supposed to come off as motherly, which turtner takes away trom ner sexuality. In the tilm, sne is viewed as constantly loyal to the Camerons, in the face of the Union soldiers and people from up North. When the Stonemans butler comes into town, she is antagonistic towards him with her attitude. She denies the bags he tries to hand off to her, and eventually sserts her superiority in her house by kicking him into the back room. When he tries to express his sexuality towards her, she brushes him off, which further enforces the idea that the free blacks are over sexualized. The biggest sense of loyalty from Mammy we see is when she tries to protect her master from union soldiers arresting him for being in the Ku Klux Klan. Gus, the Union Solider, seems to be best associated with brute and coon tendencies, which is characterized by his sexuality towards Flora. The union soldiers in general represent the brutal buck character type because they are seen as violent, ncontrollable and sexualized in the film. Gus, also has coon tendencies, however, in the way his character expresses himself. His eyes are very big and full of expression, and seem to be laughed at a lot. He is used as comic relief in addition to his role as an instigator to the Ku Klux Klan. When he comes onto Flora, he is overly sexual and aggressive towards her. He seems to be out of control as soon as the interaction starts, and ends with a chasing scene through the forest. This goes along with the Moonlight and Magnolia theme that white women are the epitome of beauty, and how frail and delicate they seem. Silas Lynch is also depicted as overly aggressive in his pursuit and proposal to Elsie Stoneman. This represents the fear of miscegenation, as well as rape. The skewed view promotes the domination of women through portrayals of white women and black soldiers. The Stoneman housekeeper, Lydia, is portrayed as a mistress mulatto character. She is seen flirting with her master, and is one of the few character types to have a sexuality. Also, she is seen with the most humane depiction of anguish throughout the film. This indicates there might have been miscegenation, which was risky at the time because of the racial ensions in the south. To soften the blow to the white audiences in the South, she was portrayed with an antagonistic, even immature, persona towards the Stoneman family, and played a small role in the movie overall. She is also painted to be a schemer, and her light skin is an indicator of her sexuality, that contrasts the skin tone and servility of the mammy. The Tom represented in this film seems to be more of a plural, background character. In both houses, there seems to be a gentile, loyal, butler that are easily manageable, and used to enforce the idea that slavery is right. All the character types work to that effect, but what is interesting here is that the Tom and Coons seems to fade into the background, and are used as placeholders. The Stoneman family butler seems to be the most prevalent Tom character in the movie, and is not seen talking much in the film, Just in the background to enforce the idea of servants in the house to represent wealth. Before going on, more Moonlight and Magnolia themes are present in the film, which also coincides with the Dunning school of history. The southerners were viewed as heroic underdogs, even though they started the war. The cause of the war is conveniently left out; The South seceding from the Union, the split in Congress about slavery in new territories, and the attack on Fort Sumpter by the Conferederate army. Even Lincolns portrayal was skewed, as he was seen a saintly character in favor of slavery. His assassination was dramatized, and marked the start ot Reconstruction. Silas Lynch was elected Lieutenant Governor, and the newly elected, mostly black legislature was depicted as cheats and lazy. The blacks were stuffing the ballot box while the Southern whites were turned away. The scene in the courtroom showed the legislature as rresponsible, more into drinking alcohol and roughhousing than being responsible. This is an example of the belief that blacks will never be a fully functioning part of the Southern American society. The Tom represented in this film seems to be more servants in the house to represent wealth. I believe that Griffiths film should be regarded as slanderous, because the history presented is so offensively biased. It is like he painted the history to make up what he believed to be true. History is not as subjective as he makes it out to be. It is so far from the truth, and romanticizes the prising of a terrible group, the Ku Klux Klan. In no way should the actions of those hooded members be glorified. What they did in history was appalling, to say the least, and void of compassion. No Justification will ever convince me otherwise. I found this film to be offensive, and full of lives; so much so, it seems like a fantasy world of Griffiths. All of his character portrayals were in defense of slavery. His movie Just helped to perpetuate terrible stereotypes today, and has done way more harm than good. I am glad we have come a long way since this film has come out, and that his iews do not coincide with the majority consensus about our society. I wish it did not have such great success, because the impact it had on the film industry was detrimental on a moral level. The film had great box office success, but that Just represents how the Souths view on slavery needed to be addressed. Justifying slavery of another group of people is so wrong; where is the compassion? This film should not be regarded as a masterpiece, but a slanderous anti-negro portrayal, as Donald Bogle puts it. His legacy should be that of what not to do; and his views seen as void of reason or basis in reality.

The War in Afghanistan Essay Example

The War in Afghanistan Essay The War in Afghanistan and its Aftermath Your name Course name Instructor’s name Institution’s name Date of submission The War in Afghanistan and its Aftermath Introduction The war in Afghanistan has deep-rooted historical causes and aftermaths that are hard to assume or ignore when analyzing it. The war began officially during the Cold war era when Russia and the entire Soviet Union were not in unity with the US and friendly nations. Considering the closeness to Afghanistan, the Soviet Union stationed its army in Afghanistan and other Central Asian countries with view that it would later reap forfeited minerals and resources in the region (Robinson, 2013). Unfortunately, the US had prior knowledge of the potential of Central Asia and Afghanistan in particular. This understanding coupled with the friendship with oil-rich Saudi Arabia aroused and multiplied its interest towards Afghanistan and Central Asia as whole. The US positions itself as the leading advocate for human rights and democratic form of leadership within and outside its borders. The motive behind the roles is partially by virtue of its position as the world’s superpower and the need to retain the position. The war against terrorism in Afghanistan is a remarkable example of what the US can do to remain a superpower and reserve its powerful position in global politics (Sidky, 2007). The Basics of the War Afghanistan is a country recognized by its constant chaos. The country did not take sides at the time when other nations were fighting in the Cold War hence they enjoyed support from both the US and Soviet Union. The problem started in 1970’s when the county experienced harsh economic challenges (Gibbs, 1987). We will write a custom essay sample on The War in Afghanistan specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The War in Afghanistan specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The War in Afghanistan specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This was majorly brought by the extensive drought experienced that year. As a result, their government was overthrown by a group of youthful armed forces who alleged that the tough economic blow was caused by their leader King Muhammad Zahir Shah. They also accused him of undermining the political reforms of Afghanistan. After the government was overthrown, King Muhammad Zahir Shah’s cousin Lt. Gen. Sardar Muhammad Daud Khan was given the crown. In 1979, Lt. Gen. Sardar Muhammad Daud Khan’s government was also overthrown by the guerrilla forces which made the Mujahidin group to seize power (Kellner, 2003). The Mujahidin group controlled Afghanistan for approximately 20 years and failed to unite the people of Afghanistan (Goldman, 1984). Consequently, this led to the disagreement within its members. The Taliban took advantage of the situation and took control of Kabul in 1996 when they announced that they were the legitimate government in Afghanistan. Besides, the Taliban group was able to introduce a system of Islamic rule in the areas they controlled. At the moment, the country is trying to restructure itself after most of their buildings were destroyed by bombs and missiles at the time of war. In addition, it is regarded as one of the most wretched and poorest countries in the world. Even though the Taliban are no longer in control, the country is still faced with the problems of extortion, banditry, and â€Å"warlordism†. Arguably, the Taliban with Osama Bin Laden as their leader controlled the whole country. One of their main intentions was to destroy American embassies like in the case of Kenya and Tanzania respectively. The Americans only started to hunt for the Taliban leader Osama Bin Laden after the 9/11 terrorist attack. Nonetheless, the Afghanistan president declined to hand over Osama Bin Laden to the American authorities as requested arguing that there was not clear proof that he took part in the attack. This provoked the Americans to launch missile attacks in Afghanistan in search of the Taliban. Within a few days, Afghan and Britain military forces joined the Americans to eliminate the Taliban (Bowden, 2012). Due to a lot of pressure from the Afghanistan, British and the American soldiers, the Taliban moved to the mountain sides of the bordering Afghanistan and Pakistan. The American government assisted Afghanistan to form a new demographic government which president Hamid was chosen as their leader. The Taliban forces later regrouped and started attacking Hamid’s governments and the US soldiers (Sinno, 2008). Since the Taliban group was steadily becoming stronger, the American president decided to send more troops to counter their thrust. This war was initiated during Bush’s administration but later taken over by Obama’s administration. Their major objective was to free the Afghanistan people from the repression of the Al-Qaeda terrorist group. American forces ccomplished their mission by displacing the Taliban group from Kabul; a number of their leaders went to the neighboring Pakistan (Holmes Dixon, 2001) Causes of the Afghanistan war Since 1996, the Taliban terror group had power over a large region in Afghanistan. Additionally, this group was also able to introduce strict Islamic rules to the people of Afghanistan. For inst ance, women were not allowed to work outside their homes. They were also not allowed to study and attend public functions in the absence of a male counterpart. This group also allowed the Al-Qaeda to build their military training base in Afghanistan (Holmes Dixon, 2001). According to a number of researches carried out, roughly 3,000 American citizens died in the 9/11 terrorist attack (Holmes Dixon, 2001). The American government alleged that Osama Bin Laden was the one behind the attacks hence they devised a plan to overthrow the Taliban rule and replace it with a western democratic system of government. Americans launched a war in Afghanistan to prevent the Taliban from taking control of the country for the second time. It was also to prevent and control the movement of natural resources within and outside the country (Marsden, 1999). America understands the overwhelming interest that its competitors that like Russia and China have over the minerals and natural resources in Afghanistan. This understanding has seen the American government delay the full withdrawal of soldiers. Instead, the American government advocates leaving about 10,000 soldiers beyond 2014 to train Afghanistan security apparatus on counterterrorism tactics. This is just part of whole intention to prolong the whole mission to ensure that no other foreign government takes control or enjoys access to the Afghanistan valuable natural resources (Barnet, 2007). Historical and Contemporary Causes of the War The origin of the 9/11 attacks is thought to have started in 1979 when Afghanistan was at war with the Soviet Union. Soviet Union had raised a number of ideas on how to effectively govern and rule Afghanistan. They got involved into the Afghanistan politics in 1979 at the time when a pro-communist leader was being overthrown (Barnett, 2007). It is during this period that the Soviet Union and American soldiers were fighting in the Cold War. Consequently, the Americans had an interest in the fight as they wanted to check whether the Soviet Union would establish a socialist system of government. American government decided to provide financial assistance to the Afghanistan armed forces to be against the involvement of the Soviet Union (Meher, 2004). According to Robinson (2013), the overwhelming interest of the US in Afghanistan and Central Asia saw the US government through the Central Investigation Agency (CIA) conspire with the Saudi Arabian government to sponsor terror and militia groups. The created and sponsored terror groups that included Al-Qaeda and Taliban turned to become instruments for frustrating the missions and stay of the Soviet Army in Afghanistan and Central Asian region. The organizers of the whole plan that saw financing of Islamist militants to frustrate the Soviet Army named it the â€Å"Operation Cyclone†. This eventually enabled the US to oust their enemies from the resource-rich Central Asia while at the same time establishing groups that would later turn chaotic to the creators (Robinson, 2013). According to Robinson (2013), the contemporary cause of the war in Afghanistan dates back to the incidences of September 11, 2001 that saw terrorists suspected to be Al-Qaeda launch a heavy attack on the US. The bomb incident that crumbled the World Trade Center led to loss of many lives and destruction of several properties in the US. In the mean time, there was another embarrassing experience in Afghanistan as terrorist groups majorly Taliban and other Islamist militias suppressed the Afghanistan government alongside breaching human rights in the country. During this time, Afghanistan was under the rule of Taliban that overthrew the government in 1996 (Bird Marshall, 2011). Robinson (2013) reports that American intelligence believed that Taliban allowed terrorist groups like the Al-Qaeda to establish training camps within Afghanistan. This situation coupled with the destructive facts of 9/11 and believable intelligence that the perpetrators were in hideouts in Afghanistan made the US government plan military attacks in the region (Bird Marshall, 2011). Upon completion of the plans, the US military began official â€Å"Operation Enduring Freedom† in Afghanistan in October 2001. In November 2001, the US together with friendly armies managed to destroy militant camps as well as arrest some members of the insurgent groups and terminate the Taliban rule. This marked the actual beginning of the war in Afghanistan and projected specifically against the Islamist militias. As much as the motive behind the war in Afghanistan relates to the desire to restore freedom in the country, American interest in the oil and minerals in the foreign land confirms its continued stay in the country. Despite the criticisms directed against the American government from both within and outside America for its continued stay in Afghanistan even after the establishment of a democratic government, the American government seems reluctant to recall its soldiers. One of the reasons earmarking the stand by the American government relates to the fact that Taliban and other supporting militant groups are fighting to resume leadership over Afghanistan. Come back of Taliban is likely to destabilize and compromise the freedom and democracy currently enjoyed by Afghanistan citizens (Jackson, 2013). Positive Results/aftermaths of the Afghanistan War The war had productive outcomes for both the US and the Afghanistan people. For instance, the US geologists obtained natural resources after the Taliban was defeated. The geologists revealed that the country was rich in minerals. The discoveries revealed that the country had approximately $ 1 trillion in gold, and iron. Additionally, they also discovered that the country had numerous lithium, copper, and cobalt deposits. Availability of the above minerals is enough to improve the economy of Afghanistan. The Taliban were no longer able to launch their attacks. This gave enough room for the arrest of Osama, the Al-Qaeda leader (Meher, 2004). The Afghanistan war has had notable positive results to the both the local citizens and foreign governments. Initially before the intervention of the American soldiers to trigger the war, citizens succumbed to suffrages due to lawlessness of the ruling authority. The Taliban leadership that ruled since 1996 until November 2001 breached and abused the fundamental freedom and democracy of people with which they had obligation to protect. The war also helped cushion the citizens from the consequences of the terrorist groups like al-Qaeda that could frustrate the public (Rubin, 2012). Moreover, the intervention of the American soldiers that triggered the Afghanistan war helped in restoring a democratic government that is working to ensure useful and beneficial exploration of the country’s natural resources. It is without doubt that even if America is benefitting from the oil and other minerals, Afghanistan citizens are realizing positive economic, social and political growth financed by the dollars. In addition, the war in Afghanistan that led to manhunt of Al-Qaeda and other Islamist militias and eventual killing of personalities like Osama Bin Laden marks important mileage in antiterrorist wars (Rubin, 2012). Negative aftermaths/Effects of the war The Afghanistan war led to a number of negative effects. The American economy was greatly affected considering that they spent a lot of money in buying the equipments which were used to fight the Taliban group. The war led to the death of many US soldiers and Afghanistan people. For instance, statistics indicate that approximately 2,000 American soldiers and 20,000 Afghanistan citizens died during the war (Schmitt Naval, 2009). The war in Afghanistan also presents certain realities of loses to both the Afghanistan citizens and the US. To begin with, the war against the terrorists led to massive damages to Afghanistan infrastructure. Trotta (2011) adds that to retaliate against the attacks by the US soldiers, the insurgents target public utilities where they destroy properties and infrastructure. In addition, the war has led to death of many people at the range of 224,000 to 258,000 who are soldiers, terrorists or innocent citizens (Trotta, 2011). Moreover, the war has led to great waste of money by both the American government and the insurgents. For instance, the current statistics unveil that the US government has spent a total of at least $3. trillion on the operation. According Fatima Sari (2008), this value is likely to rise to the excess of $4. 4 trillion if the war continues as projected by the US government. Many US soldiers also died in the battlefield with some of those who survived the aftermath succumbing to post traumatic disorder. Conclusion The war in Afghanistan is part of the whole mission by the US to ensure sustained peace, tranquility and security across the world. The US is also using the war to reinstate its position as the world’s superpower as demonstrated by its intent to control valuable natural resources in Afghanistan. The war has had both positive and negative impacts to both the US, and Afghanistan government. Even though the Afghanistan war brought a number of problems to the US troops and the local citizens, it brought some freedom in the country. Overthrowing of governments can no longer be experienced in this country. Additionally, a democratic government has also been brought back. Consequently, the natural resources that were once under the control of the Taliban are now monitored by an independent government. This has ensured even distribution of resources in Afghanistan. Afghanistan is slowly being reconstructed from the destructions it encountered during the war. Consequently, it is expected to be an economic center and democratic country in the next few years. References Barnett, R. R. (2002). The fragmentation of Afghanistan: State formation and collapse in the international system (2nd ed. ). Connecticut: Yale University Press. Barnett, R. R. (2007). Saving Afghanistan. Foreign affairs, 86(1), 57-74, 76-78. Bird, T. Marshall, A. (2011). Afghanistan: How the West lost its way. Yale: Yale University Press. Bowden, M. (2012). The finish: The killing of Osama Bin Laden. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press. Fatima, A. Sari, K. (2008). Righting the course? Humanitarian intervention, the war on terror and the future of Afghanistan. Institute of International Affairs, 84 (4), 641-657. Gibbs, B. (1987). Does the USSR have a grand strategy? Reinterpreting the invasion of Afghanistan. Journal of Peace research, 24(4), 365-379. Goldman, M. F. (1984). Soviet military intervention in Afghanistan: Roots causes. Polity, 16 (3), 384-403. Holmes, D. , Dixon, N. (2001). Behind the US war on Afghanistan. Chippendale, N. S. W: Resistance. Kellner, D. (2003). From 9/11 to terror war: The dangers of the Bush legacy. Lanham, Md: Rowman Littlefield. Marsden, P. (1999). The Taliban: War, religion and the new order in Afghanistan. Karachi: Oxford University Press. Meher, J. (2004). Americas Afghanistan war: The success that failed. Delhi: Kalpaz Publ. Schmitt, M. N. , Naval War College (U. S. ). (2009). The war in Afghanistan: A legal analysis. Newport, RI: Naval War College. Sidky, H. (2007). War, changing patterns of warfare, state collapse, and transnational violence in Afghanistan: 1978-2001. Modern Asian Studies, 41(4), 849-888. Sinno, A. H. (2008). Organizations at war in Afghanistan and beyond. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.